d = wire diameter

Dm = mean spring diameter

Lo = free length of the spring

L1 = minimum working length

P1 = the spring force in L1 (for steel

Stainless multiply by 0.83)

C = P / f = spring constant (for steel

Stainless multiply by 0.83)

= The minimum hole diameter and hole

Spring assembly

E = maximum diameter of the shaft axis to

Spring assembly